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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Theme Issue (2024): Patient and Consumer Use of Artificial Intelligence for Health (25) Decision Support for Health Professionals (2121) Opinion: Viewpoints, Perspectives, and Opinion papers by patients and patient advocates (not grant supported) (40) Theme Issue: ChatGPT and Generative Language Models in Medical Education (144) Generative Language Models Including ChatGPT (1419) AI Language Models in Health Care (696) Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues in AI (198) Responsible Health AI (194)

Published on in Vol 17 (2025)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/68146, first published .
Doctor and patient looking at smartphones with neural network background

Generative AI as Third Agent: Large Language Models and the Transformation of the Clinician-Patient Relationship

Generative AI as Third Agent: Large Language Models and the Transformation of the Clinician-Patient Relationship

Authors of this article:

Hugo de O Campos1 Author Orcid Image ;   Daniel Wolfe2 Author Orcid Image ;   Hongzhou Luan2 Author Orcid Image ;   Ida Sim2, 3 Author Orcid Image
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  1. Yi J, Du F, Nie Y, Liang W, Zhou X, Chen J, Li G, Liu M, Lv Y, Zhao W, Hou X. GAI-HIQ: Developing a health information quality assessment indicator system for generative artificial intelligence. Information Processing & Management 2026;63(5):104651 View
  2. Yang X, Liang Y, Liu Y, Liu D, Yang L, Zhang B, Xu C, Wu Y, He J. When machines explain medicine: Nursing ethics and clinical communication. Nursing Ethics 2026 View
  3. Xie W, Liu J, Liu S. Personal Health Large Language Models and the Negotiation of Medical Authority in Clinical Care: Opportunities, Risks, and Governance. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2026;28:e91727 View
  4. Yang Y, Liu J, Liu S. A Futures Framework for Clinical AI Governance: Anticipating Emerging Risks, Shifting Roles, and Regulatory Challenges. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2026;28:e96152 View
  5. Phiphatkunarnon P, Kitro A, Suksatit B, Neo B, Tran D, Tepsan W. A Health Informatics Framework for Integrating Machine Learning and Generative AI in HIV Risk Stratification and Personalized PrEP Recommendation. Informatics 2026;13(7):103 View
  6. Sun Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Yu S. Beyond the algorithm: nursing as a core foundation for ethical and equitable AI in healthcare. Cognition, Technology & Work 2026 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Rubinstein B, Matos S. Progress in Artificial Intelligence. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Hamza M, Bordia N, M. P, C. M. 2026 IEEE 23rd International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD). PhysioRAG: A RAG-Based System for Evidence-Based Physiotherapy Guidance View